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Toronto School of communication theory
The Toronto School is a school of thought in communication theory and literary criticism, the principles of which were developed chiefly by scholars at the University of Toronto. It is characterized by exploration of Ancient Greek literature and the theoretical view that communication systems create psychological and social states.〔 The school originated from the works of Eric A. Havelock and Harold Innis in the 1930s, and grew to prominence with the contributions of Edmund Snow Carpenter, Northrop Frye and Marshall McLuhan.
Since 1963, the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the University of Toronto Faculty of Information has carried the mandate for teaching and advancing the school.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=15 November 2008 )〕 Notable contemporary scholars associated with the Toronto School include Derrick de Kerckhove, Robert K. Logan and Barry Wellman.
==History and development==
The Toronto School has been described as "the theory of the primacy of communication in the structuring of human cultures and the structuring of the human mind."〔Derrick de Kerckhove, "McLuhan and the Toronto School of Communication”, ''Canadian Journal of Communication'' (1989): 73〕 Eric Havelock's studies in the transitions from orality to literacy, as an account of communication, profoundly affected the media theories of Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan. Harold Innis' theories of political economy, media and society had a significant influence on critical media theory and communications and with McLuhan, offered groundbreaking Canadian perspectives on the function of communication technologies as key agents in social and historical change. Together, their works advanced a theory of history in which communication is central to social change and transformation.〔Carey, (McLuhan Pro and Con), p. 271.〕
In the early 1950s, McLuhan began the Communication and Culture seminars, funded by the Ford Foundation, at the University of Toronto. As his reputation grew, he received a growing number of offers from other universities and, to keep him, the university created the Centre for Culture and Technology in 1963.〔http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/innis-mcluhan/index-e.html〕 He published his first major work during this period: ''The Mechanical Bride'' (1951) was an examination of the effect of advertising on society and culture. He also produced an important journal, ''Explorations'', with Edmund Carpenter, throughout the 1950s. With Innis, Havelock, Derrick de Kerckhove and Barry Wellman, McLuhan and Carpenter have been characterized as the Toronto School of Communication.〔See Blondheim and Watson, ''The Toronto School of Communication Theory: Interpretations, Extensions, Applications''; de Kerckhove, "McLuhan and the Toronto School of Communication"〕 McLuhan remained at the University of Toronto through 1979, spending much of this time as head of his Centre for Culture and Technology.
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